Interesting Climate Change Talk

Want to say something off topic? Something that has nothing to do with Trek? Post it here.
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posted on December 15th, 2008, 12:03 am
http://www.engineering.cornell.edu/alum ... -truth.cfm

Enjoy your depressing news, in case you haven't already heard it.
posted on December 15th, 2008, 1:22 am
Last edited by ewm90 on December 15th, 2008, 1:45 am, edited 1 time in total.
I am on enviremntle lobbing org.

Where we are is way far from where we need to be many may say lets just give up that would be the easy way the same way of thinking that got us in to this.

We DO HAVE CHANCE if we use just a bit of elbow grease and take out some of creator comforts. We can do it if we take the same effort we take when it comes to saving money but in steed of saving money but cut on this that use carbon and methane (such-as natural gas "which is what methane is").
.

Side notes:

China has said GW is a western phenomenon and said its the west problem and not chinas.

The USA when up 3% in its emissions in 2006 according to the EPA.

The bush administration has bean blocking legislation and have to be forced to pass bills. When obama gets in office things will improve.

---

Dominus_Noctis

Thanks so much for furthering the conversation on this forum. All movements start with one voice then get further with a leader how will lead the movement we need some one to unite us. I am going to be "unreasonable" I wont you and all how read this to start some thing in your communities that make a difference.

I have enrolled the place I work in switching its store from using plastic oil bags to paper. I made a difference. Recycled bags where to much moony paper was the next best.
posted on December 15th, 2008, 9:51 am
Last edited by SisQ on December 15th, 2008, 9:53 am, edited 1 time in total.
i think, the first step should be to stop destroying, what is absorbing the co2 !!! the trees all around south america and the amazon area. ...

but, though i think these researches may be shown to scare people, and accepting unjust laws and immense tax payments, i think, that only if 10% of that what says, may be true, its even worse ...

BUT

i really want that EVERYBODY will lower his/her consuming of energy, NOT ONLY the working class members of the society, and the upper 3-7% will just live the way theyre used to live the last decades.
i really would favor a "world state" but more like the federation, than a cardassian union or e ferenginar plutocracy ...

(btw: the federation is a clear socialist/kommunist system example ^^ no money, all have the same goods, like food and housing ! but with all effords democracy can offer !)

i really would like to see some federation, maybe without a third world war ^^ but even than we have to hope for people like picard beeing there, preventing them from turning away from those freedom ideals and equality ...
posted on December 15th, 2008, 10:55 am
Well I had a huge report like post for this but for some reason my IE was disconnected somehow...strange, I had a lot of nice links too, well too be short, if you like this stuff you should visit this site, it has a lot of nice close calls, some fake, some real, you decide.  O, and why was this speech in a "school" and it had really nothing in terms of statistical data or any data to be honest, he showed a graph detailing the world does this every 25-30k years then he starts in on all the "doomsday" scenarios, this is funny that people actually listen too this, he wants funding, just watch the last 1/3 of that "speech" and you will see what I mean, 1 billion to fund projects associated with his company?  Anyways, here is the link http://www.armageddononline.org/, well happy hunting.  O, and one other thing, read this poem...great little bit of literature you will love...http://poetry.poetryx.com/poems/784/, have fun.  And yes I believe we as a species should do more as in technology, learning new and better types of energy, propulsion, new types of materials that are stronger and more flexible, just about everything can and should be improved upon; it is really sad humanity won't do this, seems that only 1-5% actually want to do evolve humanity beyond what it is and the rest, well...just wants to sit on the sofa and watch Heroes...sad thing though is that in todays world it is designed to keep people on the sofa...watching the TV...very viscious cycle... :ermm:
I guess my little speech wasn't so small, and by the way, I won't say anything about politics because well too put politics in something like this is just dumb, sorry but to be honest, its like saying the pope has the power to make the US hand over all its nukes...seriously...why is the economy crashing now?  I will give you one hint...it isn't the president because well the president doesn't mess with finances, he even has someone monitoring his...what the heck, I feel bad, I will give it too you...its credit...credit makes the world go around now and now businesses and people are finding out it isn't the best thing...one broken gear makes the whole machine fall apart...problem is how do you find that one gear?  :pinch:  But seriously thats the last little bit, just a little erked about people spitting ignorance around like its common knowledge.  If you want to find out more just do a little research, its not hard and takes a little time but makes the ending that much sweeter...to be honest don't really listen to what you see or hear on the internet or media in general, especially internet...any side for anything can find a thousand websites stating anything from toasters run the world to aliens have already landed and have been making pod people for the last two thousand years.  :woot:
posted on December 15th, 2008, 4:53 pm
This speech was about convincing Cornell University to DO SOMETHING, despite the economic issues (hence the part about CU being the best place to do research etc). The data itself was neatly packaged up and available to read during the lecture... unfortunately the video doesn't show that portion of the talk. This was the medium case scenario talk, the best case being what the IPCC states. However, the predictions from the IPCC do not take into consideration alot of the data from NOAA and the newest glacial and arctic melting data. Unfortunately it is becoming pretty clear that we don't even need an extrapolative trend line to determine what's going to happen, as we can just watch (and have been for the past few years).
posted on December 15th, 2008, 6:07 pm
Last edited by KL0K on December 15th, 2008, 6:09 pm, edited 1 time in total.
the real problem is, that our goverments and the industry are mostly ignoring these facts, and are just talking about reducing the polution a bit and still after yrs everything is based on the oil.
theres no real change overall.
and.. to be honest, i dont think they will change this course.. no matter whos in charge. cause they all think like "who cares, i'll be dead till then anyways".
i wouldnt be surprised if this scenario he talked about is actually what happened to mars millions of yrs ago. and if we dont change this, earth will be a big bad desert too, and faster then many ppl can imagine. i dunno about your age of you guys here on the forums, but a few of us right here might see this with their own eyes.
posted on December 15th, 2008, 6:32 pm
We'll all see it, cuz it's happening right now...
It isn't that gradual; hence why big calvings of the antarctic and greenland ice occur all at once. Sea levels don't just rise gradually when this happens: it occurs on a very short time period.

Plus, it's a positive feedback loop, meaning that it'll just get worse over the next 400 years. :crybaby:
Dr. Lazarus
User avatar
posted on December 15th, 2008, 8:22 pm
Last edited by Dr. Lazarus on December 15th, 2008, 8:25 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Because I'm not a climate expert I keep fluctuating between two positions:

1/ The skeptic - i.e. the planet also has negative feedbacks, so the tropical dinosaur world didn't lead to runaway warming, water is the foremost greenhouse gas, warming without human cause, etc etc. I'm grateful to you Dom for trying to explain in the past to my non-expert mind why the dino world didn't melt, but from time to time I still find the skeptic's arguments rather convincing.

2/ The annoyed believer - in which I wholeheartedly agree with Al Gore that people are damned soft being more interested in Paris Hilton than the environment. In this position I have usually recently read some media headline about the melting arctic, but this is as far as I go. My annoyance results from the unscientific approach of those who view global warming as a danger, not necessarily their conclusions.

Think about it: I expend great energy, in debates against religion, trying to explain to people how science works (or should work). Yet even when I am worried about the planet, I simply can't stand the way skeptics are treated (often disgustingly and distastefully compared with holocaust "deniers") Skepticism is the lifeblood of science. I become very suspicious when I hear about "consensus" among scientists - even in physics where the basic laws (e.g QED) are known to a great accuracy, there are endless debates about their consequences.

Allow me to expand a little on that last point. My research is about QCD (quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of quarks and gluons), but you cannot apply the standard "perturbation theory" to QCD because its force is too strong. Therefore we have to build computer models, in a method known as Lattice QCD. The parallel with climate models is that in lattice QCD we don't strictly know the underlying laws, but we can still try to make useful predictions. However any claims of certainty or consensus would not be taken seriously. Note that the planet is actually a far more complex dynamical system than a quark gluon system.

So if the model predictions are to be taken with a large grain of salt, then all we are left with is some recent observations, maybe a melting ice cap for example. Since we have no truly useful models, it is absurd to extrapolate this melting into the future. On geological timescales, a few years or even decades of vigorous melting is a tiny fluctuation. You never extrapolate noise into the future. The melting may be fast, it may be anthropogenic, but we will never know unless we watch the data for a few centuries to see where the zigging and zagging leads us.

Please note that this is simply my case for caution (I often change my mind as to exactly how skeptical I am - maybe one day I'll do a climatology degree). However I am very certain that science's methods should be respected. We should listen to the statisticians who know when to make the call (about whether a change is "statistically significant" or not). We should also not smack skeptics over the head with a big hammer, since this is similar to what they did to galileo, and makes me sympathise with them somewhat. I get nervous when I see a modern movement with all the hallmarks of religion. Vigorous debate is what science is all about. Neither do I buy the argument that the danger is too great to suggest that the warming may be natural (we could postulate any hideous disaster and forge the same argument).

I hope to add to the discussion rather than cause a heated debate. In particular, I am interested in my doubts being silenced (genuinely). I'd like a simple reminder for why the planet's negative feedbacks do not count nowadays, and why we are supposedly capable of shifting the position of the dynamic equilibrium. I'll like to know why "speed of warming/melting" has statistical significance now, but that if we observe a centuries old zig or zag, extrapolation was absurd because it was just, well, zigging. I also learned something interesting about why Greenland has the name it does - it was not always covered in ice. I would also like to know if the media have exaggerated the effects of global warming. To see what I mean, take a look at this link:

warmlist

I'm not saying that global warming is not happening, but that list of things makes me smell as rat. By questioning these things I am exercising my right as a scientist to ask whether it is really so. Whichever side is right, the above link shows that, at the very least, the public have been misled somewhat.
posted on December 16th, 2008, 12:36 am
KL0K wrote: but a few of us right here might see this with their own eyes.


im 22yrs old, and THAT IS in fact what scares me.
i actually watched the new movie with kianu reaves, the day the world stand stil, and its much about polluting our world ...
posted on December 16th, 2008, 1:43 am
Last edited by Dominus_Noctis on December 16th, 2008, 1:51 am, edited 1 time in total.
Very VERY briefly (just because I should be studying for an exam  :shifty: )... A lot of the reasons that "the planet's negative feedbacks do not count nowadays, and why we are supposedly capable of shifting the position of the dynamic equilibrium" reside with the simple problem that the "things" we are doing are being done at a very fast rate. "Normally" the planet's negative feedbacks take time to counteract because of how they work. For instance, CO2 being pumped into the air gets sucked into the ocean, taken up by organisms, which die and precipitate to the ocean floor, where they are safely stowed for a good long while (before entering an oceanic trench and starting up the trend again... or an ocean current). However, the amount of CO2 currently being pumped into the atmosphere exceeds the ocean's ability to dissolve the CO2 for one thing (its never been higher), and it is also at a very very fast rate that this CO2 is being pumped into the atmosphere. This means that organisms cannot adapt to the low pH, and they die without reproducing and fixing that CO2 (1/5 of all corals reefs have died now, due in large part to the pH shift-and that is the only really "studied" organism unfortunately). This in turn makes the oceans harder to recover. Another issue is the methane burp; which will occur sooner rather than later. Over a geologic timescale (lets say a few hundred years), it'll just decompose. However, unless we/you/whatever want the next few generations to deal with that, it'll be uncomfortable hot and a lot of organisms (and people) will die.

This, however, is part of the problem: "So if the model predictions are to be taken with a large grain of salt, then all we are left with is some recent observations, maybe a melting ice cap for example. Since we have no truly useful models, it is absurd to extrapolate this melting into the future. On geological timescales, a few years or even decades of vigorous melting is a tiny fluctuation. You never extrapolate noise into the future. The melting may be fast, it may be anthropogenic, but we will never know unless we watch the data for a few centuries to see where the zigging and zagging leads us."

Over the course of several hundred/thousand years we can assume that, yes, the temperature should stay within an average. However, an extremely rapid spike within a few decades is still an extremely rapid spike. Simply put, the timescale of destruction is not a matter of centuries, and thus we cannot really wait (if global warming doesn't exist, we're fine and dandy, but if it does... that's the issue at hand) to see if our predictions come true. Plus, if it does turn out correct, it screws everybody over for a looooong time (in human terms). As far as I have read and seen, this bit of warming is the fastest on record (it is consistently going up; which is not what other comparable eras of small-time warming have done), and thus very unusual. I thought I'd  pulled up that data on the other thread... but I'll try to find it again later. This of course is the apologetic side, as it assumes the IF clause (which someone could take to mean that there's little/big chance.)

Here's the part of the problem that is largely forgotten, and in my mind very important. Irregardless of IF global warming become permanent (as in a few hundred years) or even if it does/is occuring, the fact is that the destruction of the ozone layer, particulate pollution, CO2 production, methane release, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals etc are decimating our habitat NOW (and we caused that, no ifs ands or buts). Evolution is blind here, but we aren't self-sufficient, and we are fairly complex... so we in the end will suffer a lot. Keep in mind, I'm not even talking about global warming, I'm just describing the effects of the pollution and environmental havoc we are currently creating. There is NO question about that, and recycling/renewable energy etc is thus important to implement ASAP.

In regards to anthropogenic causes: this may seem a little stupid or perhaps even a bad example at first, but think about stromatolites and their effect on early earth. They managed to change this planet to an oxygen rich world relatively quickly, and they didn't have machines to dig up and use billions of years worth of plant sequestered carbon very very quickly. One of the most important things to remember I think when looking at anthropogenic effects is to think of the effect of plants, phytoplankton, and zooplankton on the environment (think back to stromatolites). Now remember that fossil fuels are dead plants, phytoplankton, and zooplankton essentially: so by burning them at an extraordinarily high rate we are "reversing" (for lack of a better term) all those millions/billions of years of growth and terraforming in a few decades; essentially terraforming our planet in reverse very quickly. According to our favorite wiki "1 litre of regular gasoline is the time-rendered result of about 23.5 metric tons of ancient organic material deposited on the ocean floor. The total fossil fuel used in the year 1997 is the result of 422 years of all plant matter that grew on the entire surface and in all the oceans of the ancient earth." (Not sure if I was exagerrating with the millions/billions yet or not... I'd have to do the calc: still, I think the point come across fairly clearly). That is why anthropogenic causes of global warming are taken dead seriously, and why I think that it is foolish to think that we can't cause an enormous effect on our planet. Another thing to consider is that if a moderately-sized volcano, for instance, can release enough particulate to cause global cooling, why can't we when we are forcing up hundreds of times the amount of particulate.
posted on December 16th, 2008, 3:35 am
I am going to ask you all to be unreadable.

I wont people to make some thing that you are going to promise with you may or may not keep. I wont you to play full out in keeping it.

I promise when I go to the store to only by thing with the lest packing as posable. further more if there is some thing that has way to munch packing I will right down the name and compline to the company that makes it.

What will you do?
posted on December 16th, 2008, 8:16 am
I'm only 21 going too college, pretty standard stuff but with all this talk they need more evidence rather then ice caps melting, they are having pretty wild claims from sets of actual data from just 1972, that was the first time we as a scientific community has actually been observing ice bergs and the amount they are melting, that is a very low amount of time too be talking about how humanity has been destroying the world...

I must admit humanity needs too change though, humanity is killing off many species of amphibians, avians, and mammals, and most importantly plants.  Humanity needs too work with the environment not change it too how we see fit, what I have been saying to some of my friends is that humanity is the closest too a virus than anything else on earth, if you look down at Earth from space our "civilization" looks like a plague on this planet, very sad...  :(

Back to subject, they need more actual data to support their "hypotheses", if you could call them that...their models are based off of very low amounts of actual data and a lot of "hypothesis", even his scenarios were based off of the whole what if...too make a valid scientific arguement you must have enough information to be able to say "it will" not "what if".  I'm not a skeptic, I just think right now they seem like the doomsayers saying the world will end in 2036 when a documented asteroid will hit us; for some reason the name of the asteroid eludes me...  :pinch:

Anyways, I know humanity needs to change, we are destroying this planet, and with "better" technology we are destroying it faster, humanity needs too be able to coexist with nature and the world, not create it in our own liking because if we try, we will fail.  Thats why my next house I have a couple friends who are in civil engineering and architecture to design my next house with plants inside the house that actually line all the walls with full light and water, and a vast majority of the roof will have a "glass" roof, should look awesome, good thing my uncle is paying for it...lol. :whistling:

One last thing, why can't the world just get along?  Stop fighting for this little patch of dirt we call earth and start diverting resources to expanding our species and our own knowledge and understanding of ourselves and the universe, why don't we have a party that is like that in office?  Why are they all about power, international "negotiation", and taxes...?  Seriously, make a party that does not intervene only if provoked as in attacked (defensive in nature), does not deal with international matters (only dealing with trade), and no taxes, instead of the government making money by taxing the people, the government should be investing on its people and companies and getting interest on what it gets, that should boost up the economy and its overall look in the international community...a US that doesn't like war but is prepared just for defense, does not put its foot down on every single little squabble between two nations, and third, a great economy with its people happy because no income tax, decreased corporation and business taxes.  The government should be for the people, not people for the government... :ermm:
Hope I didn't just throw myself under another bus... :wacko:  O, and it already looks like Dominus already said the main point, teaches me to read while I type... :sweatdrop:
posted on December 16th, 2008, 8:11 pm
Here's something else you might find interesting: Over 2T tons of ice melted in arctic since '03 - Yahoo! News
Dr. Lazarus
User avatar
posted on December 16th, 2008, 9:42 pm
Last edited by Dr. Lazarus on December 16th, 2008, 10:23 pm, edited 1 time in total.
I hope you don't mind me picking on one or two aspects of what you've said. All the while I hope you realise that I acknowledge the facts you've reported. You seem to have identified two main points:

1/ The recent observed changes (e.g. melting) have been swift. Therefore, the change is accelerating and, moreover, the speed of change means that the dynamic equilibrium cannot respond the way it would normally.

2/ The risk of disaster is too great to do nothing. While we can't positively prove global warming, we don't have the luxury of watching for a few centuries.

I've noticed that you use point 2/ to add greater weight to 1/ - greater weight than perhaps it deserves. If point one were a problem in, say, observing the existence of fridge people or something with no consequences, the present "science" would be viewed as weak. Allow me to expand a little on what I think of points one and two.

1/ Let's acknowledge that the speed of the recent melting is swift. This I can accept, especially since zigs and zags on the graph never surprise me. In fact my supervisor today told me to watch my magnetism simulation for many steps before I decide whether or not it has reached equilibrium. Only then can I calculate the standard deviation. Until then, all I see is noise.

In fact, consider this - the rapidity of the change makes me more suspicious, not less. If you look at the temperature data for the past century, and extrapolate any zig, it shoots into the sky. That's acceleration for you, and if you look for it you'll find it. There's the danger of interpreting data - you can see what you want to see. I realise you may be crying out for me to acknowledge that, in fact, it may be some sort of unprecedented acceleration, but even if it turns out to be so, it is bad science to form that conclusion. Note - I still question whether it is really possible to determine that the present day zig is more rapid/deep than in the past, and I also think that we would need to clarify whether it is more deep or more rapid or both, since these are not the same thing. Rapidity is unremarkable on a noisy graph, since speed is just the gradient, and is probably almost vertical in places.

Science methods have decayed over the last few decades to such an extent that even practising professionals are poor at analysing data (watch out for "weasel words" in news reports, such as "may", "could be" etc). Recently a drug which could have saved many lives was withdrawn because of one adverse reaction. But when you consider the numbers, the result is not "statistically significant" - and statisticians use that expression for a reason. You are more likely to be killed by donkeys than suffer the adverse reaction, based on the numbers. Likewise with a temperature/melting change. Statistical significance is not just a footnote - it literally determines whether the conclusion is warranted or not.

2/ You acknowlege that we're fine and dandy if global warming does not exist, but that if the spike turns out to continue, then we're screwed, which of course is true. But it's a pity that the scale of the (possible) danger should cloud our judgement.

In my next sentences you may recognise some words from our "discussion" with Serpicus, so please don't read too much into it. Argument 2/ strikes me almost as "you can't disprove it" - something as you know I'm highly suspicious of. Of course I can't disprove global warming. I'd actually have to watch the temperature data forever. What is important is whether we can conclude that a recent rapid change (spike, zig, whatever) is significant. Passion is not more important than truth. A person could equally well argue that since we can't disprove God, we'd better believe in him anyway, since the price to pay is high if we get it wrong (this is known as Pascal's wager as you no doubt know).

I get jumpy when I see the hallmarks of religion in a movement - evangelism, supression of dissenting views (apostates or "deniers"), hypocrisy etc. At the very least, these things would cause me to be suspicious of a correct view, but as you can see, neither do I believe it is entirely correct. I'm still not convinced that speed of change for a few years is any sort of argument. I too am deeply worried about the enviroment, for many reasons, but I'll fight to the bitter end defending the methods of science, which some scientists seem to have thrown out the window. These scientists make a vast error when they use the word "significant" (see the article you posted) for a change which is not. In my opinion, all scientists (climate, physics, medical) should be forced to learn statistics so that they can learn what the word significant really means.

I can conceive of us having the ability to alter the planet's climate but I think the conclusion, while possible, is unwarranted by the data. We have to ask ourselves what our conclusion would be if carbon dioxide only had benign affects (and some also argue that). If no harm would be done, do we really have enough information to conclude that anything is accelerating? Keep in mind that the zigs and zags existed long ago and they will exist long in the future. If the sky high extrapolation from a zig was incorrect on June the 8th 1053, then it is incorrect now.*

*I anticipate a possible objection to this, which is "but there is a difference now, we're pumping tonnes of CO2 into the air." This is a circular argument since it assumes the conclusion (the conclusion that our CO2 emissions are altering the climate). There are many, many things which are different about our time. All I'm interested in is looking at the temperature data and seeing what we can say about the future, which is surprisingly little. We can't predict future temperature changes from past data; we could only do that if we had a brilliant computer model, which doesn't exist.
posted on December 16th, 2008, 10:41 pm
I took pitchers of glassier a year ago at lest I took pitcher of ones that where still there. I have seen the effects with my naked eye. I all so see the effects when I see the devastation in africa and how the food thats needed each year go's up by large amounts.

Have you knottiest weird wether patterns whare freed snow stroms come up at times when they should not hapen or things like katrena whare biger then normal wether events. I have. People are dyeing wile people make of there minds if they are real or not.

I just cant understand why people say globule worming dose not exist is it because its to scary for you are you don't wont to do the work it takes to stop it?

I don't get it..

Prowannabe wrote:I'm only 21 going too college, pretty standard stuff but with all this talk they need more evidence rather then ice caps melting, they are having pretty wild claims from sets of actual data from just 1972, that was the first time we as a scientific community has actually been observing ice bergs and the amount they are melting, that is a very low amount of time too be talking about how humanity has been destroying the world...

I must admit humanity needs too change though, humanity is killing off many species of amphibians, avians, and mammals, and most importantly plants.  Humanity needs too work with the environment not change it too how we see fit, what I have been saying to some of my friends is that humanity is the closest too a virus than anything else on earth, if you look down at Earth from space our "civilization" looks like a plague on this planet, very sad...   :(

Back to subject, they need more actual data to support their "hypotheses", if you could call them that...their models are based off of very low amounts of actual data and a lot of "hypothesis", even his scenarios were based off of the whole what if...too make a valid scientific arguement you must have enough information to be able to say "it will" not "what if".  I'm not a skeptic, I just think right now they seem like the doomsayers saying the world will end in 2036 when a documented asteroid will hit us; for some reason the name of the asteroid eludes me...   :pinch:

Anyways, I know humanity needs to change, we are destroying this planet, and with "better" technology we are destroying it faster, humanity needs too be able to coexist with nature and the world, not create it in our own liking because if we try, we will fail.  Thats why my next house I have a couple friends who are in civil engineering and architecture to design my next house with plants inside the house that actually line all the walls with full light and water, and a vast majority of the roof will have a "glass" roof, should look awesome, good thing my uncle is paying for it...lol. :whistling:

One last thing, why can't the world just get along?  Stop fighting for this little patch of dirt we call earth and start diverting resources to expanding our species and our own knowledge and understanding of ourselves and the universe, why don't we have a party that is like that in office?  Why are they all about power, international "negotiation", and taxes...?  Seriously, make a party that does not intervene only if provoked as in attacked (defensive in nature), does not deal with international matters (only dealing with trade), and no taxes, instead of the government making money by taxing the people, the government should be investing on its people and companies and getting interest on what it gets, that should boost up the economy and its overall look in the international community...a US that doesn't like war but is prepared just for defense, does not put its foot down on every single little squabble between two nations, and third, a great economy with its people happy because no income tax, decreased corporation and business taxes.  The government should be for the people, not people for the government... :ermm:
Hope I didn't just throw myself under another bus... :wacko:  O, and it already looks like Dominus already said the main point, teaches me to read while I type... :sweatdrop:
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